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Table 2 Socio-demographic, sexual behaviour and biological risk factors for HIV infection among women in Zimbabwe and Tanzania

From: Sexual behaviour does not reflect HIV-1 prevalence differences: a comparison study of Zimbabwe and Tanzania

Determinants of HIV transmission

Harare, Zimbabwe

Moshi, Tanzania

 

Number tested

Number HIV positive (%)

Unadjusted OR 1 (95% CI)

Adjusted OR (95% CI)

Number tested

Number HIV positive (%)

Unadjusted OR 1 (95% CI)

Adjusted OR (95% CI)

All

691

177 (25.6)

  

2654

184 (6.9)

  

Socio-demographic factors

Age group in years

        

   < 20

134

20 (14.9)

1

1

479

13 (2.8)

1

1

   20-24

265

56 (21.1)

1.5 (0.9-2.8)

2.5 (1.1-5.9)*

996

59 (5.9)

2.2 (1.2-4.1)

2.2 (1.1-4.4)*

   25-29

168

53 (31.2)

2.6 (1.5-4.7)**

3.1 (1.3-7.1)*

664

67 (10.1)

4.0 (2.2-7.3)

4.4 (2.2-8.9)**

   > = 30

121

48 (39.8)

3.7 (2.1-6.8)**

3.9 (1.6-9.3)*

523

45 (8.6)

3.3 (1.8-6.2)

3.2 (1.5-6.6)*

Parity

        

   No child

270

45 (16.8)

1

-

1064

51 (4.8)

1

 

   One ore more

419

132 (31.5)

2.3 (1.6-3.4)**

-

1590

133 (8.4)

1.8 (1.3-2.6)**

 

Marital status

        

   Married/cohabiting

649

166 (25.6)

1

-

2414

161 (6.7)

1

-

   Single/d/s/w2

40

11 (27.5)

1.1 (0.5-2.3)

-

240

23 (9.6)

1.5 (0.9-2.4)*

-

Years in school

        

   8 or more

568

144 (25.4)

1

-

271

20 (7.4)

1

-

   Less than 8

123

33 (26.8)

1.1 (0.7-1.7)

-

2383

164 (6.9)

0.9 (0.6-1.6)

-

Type of marriage

        

   Monogamy

620

153 (24.7)

1

-

2358

139 (5.9)

1

1

   Polygamy

54

21 (38.9)

1.9 (1.0-3.6)**

-

296

45 (15.2)

2.9 (1.9-4.1)**

1.8 (1.2-2.7)*

Alcohol consumption

        

   No

656

170 (25.9)

1

-

1833

106 (5.8)

1

-

   Yes

21

3 (14.3)

0.5 (0.1-1.7)

-

821

78 (9.5)

1.7 (1.2-2.3)**

-

Travelling

        

   Rarely

637

167 (26.2)

1

-

2377

169 (7.1)

1

-

   Frequently

53

10 (18.9)

0.7 (0.3-1.4)

-

36

5 (14.0)

1.4 (0.8-2.5)

-

Sexual behaviour

Sexual partners in the past 12 months

        

   One only

666

167 (25.1)

1

-

2537

171 (6.7)

1

-

   More than one

19

9 (47.4)

2.7 (1.1-6.7)**

-

117

13 (11.1)

1.7 (1-3.1)

-

Lifetime sexual partners

        

   One

496

93 (18.8)

1

1

1490

35 (2.4)

1

1

   Two or more

189

83 (43.9)

3.4 (2.3-5.0)**

3.0 (1.8-5.1)**

1164

149 (12.8)

6.1 (4.2-9.2)**

3.9 (2.6-5.9)**

Age (years) of sexual debut

        

   At or after 16

618

157 (25.4)

1

-

2288

147 (6.4)

1

1

   Below 16

67

19 (28.4)

1.2 (0.6-2.1)

-

366

37 (10.1)

1.6 (1.1-2.4)**

1.6 (1.1-2.4)*

Ever used a condom

        

   No

374

82 (21.9)

1

-

2004

121 (6.0)

1

-

   Yes

302

91 (30.1)

1.5 (1.1-2.2)**

-

650

63 (9.7)

1.7 (1.2-2.3)**

-

Uses herbs to tighten vagina

        

   No

589

148 (25.1)

1

-

1233

90 (7.3)

1

-

   Yes

96

29 (30.2)

1.3 (0.8-2.1)

-

97

6 (6.2)

0.8 (0.3-2.0)

-

Siblings have different fathers

        

   No

554

119 (21.5)

1

-

1217

59 (4.9)

1

1

   Yes

99

52 (52.5)

4.0 (2.5-6.5)**

-

1437

125 (8.7)

1.9 (1.3-2.6)**

1.6 (1.1-2.4)*

Other infections, signs and symptoms

        

HSV-2

        

   No

309

21 (6.8)

1

1

844

104 (12.3)

1

1

   Yes

323

137 (42.4)

10.1 (6.2-16.6)**

5.3 (3.0-9.5)**

427

79 (18.5)

1.6 (1.2-2.2)**

3.1 (2.2-4.5)**

Syphilis

        

   No

654

160 (24.5)

1

-

2631

178 (6.7)

1

1

   Yes

8

5 (62.5)

5.1 (1.2-21.8)**

-

23

6 (26.1)

4.9 (1.9-12.5)**

9.4 (2.4-36.2)**

Trichomoniasis

        

   No

600

140 (23.3)

1

-

2428

170 (7.0)

1

-

   Yes

80

32 (40.0)

2.2 (1.3-3.6)**

-

127

13 (10.2)

1.5 (0.8-2.8)

-

Bacterial vaginosis

        

   No

403

72 (17.9)

1

1

2022

115 (5.7)

1

1

   Yes

195

75 (38.5)

2.9 (1.9-4.3)**

3.0 (1.8-5.0)**

533

68 (12.8)

2.4 (1.7-3.4)**

2.2 (1.5-3.1)**

History of schistosomiasis

        

   No

559

140 (25.0)

1

-

1276

94 (7.4)

1

-

   Yes

120

33 (27.5)

1.1 (0.7-1.8)

-

56

2 (3.6)

0.5 (0.1-1.8)

-

Vaginal pH > 4.5

        

   No

197

40 (20.3)

1

-

1673

99 (5.9)

1

-

   Yes

415

113 (27.2)

1.6 (0.9-2.6)*

-

882

84 (9.5)

1.7 (1.2-2.3)**

-

Clinical genital warts

        

   No

557

129 (23.2)

1

1

2522

178 (7.1) 5

1

-

   Yes

44

23 (52.3)

3.6 (1.9-7.1)**

3.0 (1.1-8.6)*

33

(15.2)

2.4 (0.9-6.1)*

-

Clinical genital ulcer

        

   No

578

140 (24.2)

1

1

2514

175 (7.0) 8

1

1

   Yes

16

10 (62.5)

5.2 (1.9-14.6)**

3.6 (1.1-11.8)*

41

(19.5)

3.2 (1.3-6.3)*

2.7 (1.1-6.8)*

Previous genital warts

        

   No

653

163 (25.0)

1

-

2606

178 (6.8) 6

1

-

   Yes

33

13 (39.4)

2.0 (1.0-4.0)*

-

48

(12.5)

1.9 (0.8-4.6)

-

Previous genital ulcer

        

   No

643

157 (24.4)

1

-

2569

174 (6.8)

1

-

   Yes

44

19 (43.2)

2.4 (1.3-4.4)**

-

85

10 (11.8)

1.8 (0.9-3.6)*

-

Partner characteristics

        

Current partner circumcised

        

   No

606

154 (25.3)

1

-

52

6 (11.5)

1

-

   Yes

51

14 (27.5)

1.1 (0.5-2.2)

-

2361

168 (7.1)

0.6 (0.2-1.7)

-

Current partner frequent traveler

        

   No

391

98 (25.1)

1

-

1794

108 (6.0)

1

1

   Yes

268

71 (26.5)

1.1 (0.7-1.6)

-

619

66 (10.7)

1.9 (1.3-2.6)**

1.9 (1.3-2.7)**

  1. 1OR stands for odds ratio, 95% confidence interval of the odds ratio are given2d/s/w represents divorced/separated/widowed
  2. * = p < 0.05, ** = p < 0.001
  3. All factors with a p value of less than 0.25 in univariate analysis were included in multivariate analysis, and adjusted odds ratios which had a p value of less than 0.10 are included in this table.
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