Table 2 Comparison of selected characteristics among mothers tested for HIV-1 antenatally and those not tested
| Antenatal HIV testing (n = 2663) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics |
Not tested
% mean (95% CI) 210 (7.9%) |
Tested
% mean (95% CI) 2453 (92.1%) | P value |
| Socio-demographic and obstetrics | |||
| Age | 23.2 (5.4) | 24.0 (5.0) | 0.039 |
| Education lower than secondary level | 179 (85.2%) | 1836 (74.9%) | 0.001 |
| Married (n = 2629) | 163 (79.5%) | 2102 (86.7%) | 0.004 |
| Unemployed (n = 2661) | 156 (74.3%) | 1712 (69.9%) | 0.177 |
| Primiparous | 73 (34.8%) | 905 (36.9%) | 0.539 |
| Home delivery (n = 2662) | 114 (54.3%) | 620 (25.3%) | < 0.001 |
| Economic | |||
| Monthly rent in US$ (n = 2159) | 18.6 (12.5) | 22.8 (14.8) | < 0.001 |
| Own TV (n = 2663) | 67 (31.9%) | 1131 (46.1%) | < 0.001 |
| Gas cooker (n = 2663) | 10 (4.8%) | 255 (10.4%) | 0.009 |
|
Stigma measures
Fear of casual transmission (n = 2660) | |||
| Not buy food from PLHIV* not visibly sick | 49 (23.4%) | 502 (20.5%) | 0.310 |
| Not buy food from PLHIV* visibly sick | 110 (52.6%) | 1125 (45.9%) | 0.061 |
| Internal stigma | |||
| HIV is punishment for bad behaviour (n = 2582) | 115 (56.9%) | 1225 (51.5%) | 0.136 |
| People with HIV should be ashamed (n = 2608) | 25 (12.2%) | 336 (14.0%) | 0.477 |
| Enacted sigma | |||
| Abandoned by spouse/partner (n = 2512) | 96 (49.0%) | 1142 (49.3%) | 0.929 |
| Disclosure | |||
| Disclosed HIV status to partner | 2169 (94%) | - | |
| Region (n = 2663) | |||
| Nyanza (western Kenya) | 99 (47.1%) | 789 (32.2%) | < 0.001 |