Table 1 Characteristics associated with advanced disease (defined as either a CD4 level ≤ 50 cells/mm3 or a WHO Stage 4 condition) at the time of ART initiation using a log-link Poisson model with robust standard errors.

Sex*

   Women without a history of PMTCT

29, 939

Ref.

   Men

17, 173

1.33

1.26-1.41

< 0.001

   Women with a history of PMTCT

1440

0.59

0.36-0.95

0.03

Calendar year of ART initiation, (per 2 years)

0.92

0.86-0.99

0.03

Country of residence

   Kenya

33, 680

Ref.

   Uganda

10, 859

1.28

1.04-1.57

0.04

   Tanzania

4119

1.38

1.00-1.92

0.05

Age at ART initiation (years)

   Quartile 1 (18-31)

13, 152

Ref.

   Quartile 2 (32-37)

12, 766

0.98

0.82-1.04

0.44

   Quartile 3 (38-43)

10, 662

0.97

0.89-1.05

0.40

   Quartile 4 (44-88)

12, 078

0.85

0.79-0.91

< 0.001

Self-pay+

   No

46, 479

Ref.

   Yes

574

1.41

1.24-1.59

< 0.001