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Table 2 Helicobacter pylori colonization in HIV infected, treatment naïve children and associated factors

From: Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in HIV-infected, HAART-naïve Ugandan children: a hospital-based survey

 

Number N

HP positive n (%)

Unadjusted odds ratio (95% CI)

p value

Adjusted odds ratio1 (95% CI)

p value

Age groups

      

0 < 1 year

68

10 (14.7)

1

 

1

 

1 < 3 years

81

25 (30.9)

2.6 (1.1-5.9)

0.02

2.8 (1.1-6.8)

0.03

3 < 12 years

87

18 (20.7)

1.5 (0.6-3.5)

0.34

1.2 (0.5-3.2)

0.65

Sex

      

Male

115

22 (19.1)

1

 

-

 

Female

121

31 (25.6)

1.5 (0.8-2.7)

0.23

  

CD4 cell percentage 2

      

High

115

35 (30.4)

1

 

1

 

Low

104

13 (12.5)

0.3 (0.2-0.7)

0.002

0.3 (0.1-0.6)

0.001

Who classification

      

WHO stage I

24

9 (37.5)

1

 

-

 

WHO stage II-VI

212

44 (20.8)

0.4 (0.2-1.1)

0.07

  

Type of housing

      

Permanent house

105

23 (21.9)

1

 

-

 

Semi-permanent house

131

30 (22.9)

1.1 (0.6-2.0)

0.86

  

Number of people

in same household

      

2-4

126

28 (22.2)

1

 

-

 

≥5

110

25 (22.7)

1.0 (0.6-1.9)

0.93

  

Education of the

mother/female caretaker

      

Completed primary

83

21 (25.3)

1

 

-

 

school or higher

      

Incomplete primary

school

153

32 (20.9)

0.8 (0.4-1.5)

0.44

  

Drinking water

      

Public tap

138

28 (20.3)

1

 

-

 

Unprotected sources

98

25 (25.5)

1.4 (0.7-2.5)

0.34

  

Type of toilet

      

Open pit/pit latrine

228

52 (22.8)

1

 

-

 

VIP latrine/flush toilet

8

1 (12.5)

0.5 (0.1-4.0)

0.50

  

Sharing of toilet

with other families

      

No

72

16 (22.2)

1

 

-

 

Yes

164

37 (22.6)

1.0 (0.5-2.0)

0.95

  

Taken drugs last 3 months 4

      

No

40

10 (25.0)

1

 

-

 

Yes

196

43 (21.9)

0.8 (0.4-1.9)

0.67

  

Taken any antibiotics 3

last 3 months

      

No

61

17 (27.9)

1

 

-

 

Yes

175

36 (20.6)

0.7 (0.3-1.3)

0.24

  

Taken any antibiotics

last 2 weeks

      

No

14

5 (35.7)

1

 

-

 

Yes

222

48 (21.6)

0.5 (0.2-1.6)

0.23

  

Taken deworming

medicine last 6 months

      

No

125

23 (18.4)

1

 

-

 

Yes

111

30 (27.0)

1.6 (0.9-3.0)

0.12

  

Wealth index

      

Least poor

78

12 (15.4)

1

 

-

 

Poorer

80

19 (23.8)

1.7 (0.8-3.8)

0.19

  

Poorest

77

22 (28.6)

2.2 (1.0-4.8)

0.05

  

Reporting abdominal pain

more than 3 times/week

      

No

224

49 (21.9)

1

 

-

 

Yes

12

4 (33.3)

1.8 (0.5-6.2)

0.36

  
  1. 1Adjusted for the 219 participants for whom CD4 percentage were available; adjustment was made for all categories included in the table.
  2. 2CD4 cell percentage was available for 219 of the 236 participants
  3. 3Last 2 weeks not included in this category