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Table 3 Sexual risk behaviours of orphans versus non-orphans, by orphan subgroup

From: HIV infection and sexual risk behaviour among youth who have experienced orphanhood: systematic review and meta-analysis

Study

n ♂♀

All orphans vs. non-orphans

Maternal orphans vs. non-orphans

Paternal orphans vs. non-orphans

Double orphans vs. non-orphans

  

US

S

MP

FS

TS

US

S

MP

FS

TS

US

S

MP

FS

TS

US

S

MP

FS

TS

Birdthistle [29]

863 ♀

     

ns

*

*

ns

ns

†

ns

ns

ns

ns

†

ns

*

ns

ns

Gregson [30]

1523 ♂♀

      

*

ns

   

ns

ns

       

Kang [31]

196 ♀

ns

*

ns

ns

ns

ns

ns

ns

†

*

ns

ns

ns

ns

ns

     

McGrath [37]

8753 ♂♀

      

*

    

*

        

Nyamukapa [33]

4660 ♂♀

     

ns

*

 

ns

 

*♂

*

 

*

 

ns

ns

 

ns

 

Operario [34]

11,904 ♂♀

*♂

*

*♀

ns

ns

               

Palermo [35] Benin

1801 ♀

 

ns

    

ns

    

ns

    

*

   

Palermo [35] Chad

884 ♀

 

ns

    

ns

    

ns

    

ns

   

Palermo [35] Congo

914 ♀

 

ns

    

ns

    

ns

    

ns

   

Palermo [35] Cote d'Ivoire

711 ♀

 

*

    

ns

    

*

    

ns

   

Palermo [35] Lesotho

1043 ♀

 

*

    

ns

    

*

    

*

   

Palermo [35] Malawi

1337 ♀

 

ns

    

ns

    

ns

    

*

   

Palermo [35] Mozambique

1484 ♀

 

*

    

ns

    

*

    

ns

   

Palermo [35] Tanzania

1375 ♀

 

*

    

*

    

ns

    

ns

   

Palermo [35] Uganda

1219 ♀

 

ns

    

*

    

ns

    

ns

   

Palermo [35] Zimbabwe

1207 ♀

 

ns

    

ns

    

ns

    

ns

   

Thurman [36]

1694 ♂♀

ns

*

ns

*

*

               
  1. n = total number of participants. US = unprotected sex. S = ever had sex. MP = multiple partners in lifetime. FS = forced or unwilling sex. TS = transactional sex. * = significant difference with orphans reporting higher risk than non-orphans. ns = no significant difference between orphans and non-orphans. *♀ = significant among females but not males, orphans reporting higher risk. *♂ = significant among males but not females, orphans reporting higher risk. † = significant difference with non-orphans reporting higher risk than orphans.