Is there an association between PEPFAR funding and improvement in national health indicators in Africa? A retrospective study

Table 4 Changes in health indicators among PEPFAR non-focus counties

Country	Median fractional change*		p value⁺
Algeria	-0.018	(-0.111, 0.045)	0.891
Angola	-0.099	(-0.396, 0.000)	0.019
Benin	-0.031	(-0.080, 0.000)	0.110
Burkina Faso	0.026	(-0.286, 0.235)	1.000
Burundi	0.000	(-0.021, 0.024)	0.945
Cameroon	-0.171	(-0.481, -0.011)	0.020
Cape Verde	0.000	(-0.178, 0.012)	0.244
Central African Republic	-0.045	(-0.141, 0.000)	0.077
Chad	0.049	(0.016, 0.175)	0.497
Comoros	-0.120	(-0.207, 0.014)	0.027
Congo	0.034	(-0.059, 0.407)	0.622
Democratic Republic of the Congo	-0.022	(-0.271, 0.095)	0.204
Equitorial Guinea	0.033	(0.000, 0.153)	0.004
Eritrea	-0.076	(-0.213, 0.141)	0.542
Gabon	0.000	(-0.024, 0.033)	1.000
Gambia	-0.051	(-0.136, 0.000)	0.024
Ghana	-0.030	(-0.111, 0.017)	0.186
Guinea	-0.087	(-0.188, 0.291)	0.502
Guinea-Bissau	-0.019	(-0.100, 0.017)	0.267
Lesotho	0.094	(-0.059, 0.160)	0.268
Liberia	-0.008	(-0.412, 0.000)	0.131
Madagascar	-0.054	(-0.091, 0.000)	0.257
Malawi	-0.108	(-0.200, -0.048)	0.002
Mali	-0.045	(-0.529, -0.028)	0.008
Mauritania	-0.006	(-0.091, 0.000)	0.275
Mauritius	-0.035	(-0.102, 0.000)	0.232
Niger	-0.056	(-0.246, 0.064)	0.268
Sao Tome and Principe	-0.074	(-0.133, -0.008)	0.004
Senegal	-0.053	(-0.128, 0.134)	0.588
Seychelles	-0.006	(-0.071, 0.000)	0.219
Sierra Leone	-0.022	(-0.127, 0.331)	0.903
Swaziland	0.086	(-0.017, 0.176)	0.043
Togo	-0.045	(-0.333, 0.009)	0.043
Zimbabwe	-0.035	(-0.135, 0.044)	0.194

* Each fractional change is normalized to the reported value in 2000. Values are shown as medians with interquartile ranges (IQRs). The number of health indicators reported by each country varies from 11 to 14.
⁺ The p value addresses the question of whether the observed fractional change is statistically significantly different than zero, as assessed by the Wilcoxon signed rank test.